Understanding Hepatitis D
Hepatitis D is a viral infection that affects the liver and occurs only in people who also have hepatitis B. Understanding the connection between these infections can help people seek testing, protect their health and prevent serious liver disease.
Hepatitis B and D are closely linked.
Hepatitis D virus needs hepatitis B virus to reproduce. This means hepatitis D cannot infect someone who does not have hepatitis B. Hepatitis B vaccination is an important way to prevent hepatitis D.
What Is Hepatitis D?
Hepatitis D, also known as HDV infection, causes inflammation of the liver. It can occur when a person acquires hepatitis B and D at the same time, or when someone who already has hepatitis B later becomes infected with hepatitis D.
Why does it matter?
Hepatitis D can make liver disease more severe in people who have hepatitis B. Some people may develop serious complications, including cirrhosis and liver failure. The course of the illness varies from person to person.
A person may have hepatitis D without obvious symptoms. Testing and medical assessment are important for people living with hepatitis B, especially if they have concerns about possible exposure or liver health.
Hepatitis D does not occur on its own. If you have hepatitis B, ask a qualified healthcare professional whether hepatitis D testing is appropriate for you.
Hepatitis B vaccination protects against hepatitis B and therefore prevents hepatitis D infection in people who are not already infected with hepatitis B.
Symptoms of Hepatitis D
Symptoms may be mild, absent or similar to those of other liver infections. Symptoms alone cannot confirm hepatitis D, so medical testing is needed.
Fatigue
Unusual tiredness, weakness or a general feeling of being unwell.
Nausea
Nausea, reduced appetite, vomiting or discomfort in the abdomen.
Jaundice
Yellowing of the skin or eyes, sometimes with dark urine or pale stools.
Abdominal Pain
Pain or discomfort, particularly around the upper-right side of the abdomen.
Seek prompt medical assessment if you notice yellowing of the eyes or skin, persistent vomiting, or other concerning symptoms. Severe abdominal swelling, confusion, vomiting blood or black stools require urgent medical attention.
How Is Hepatitis D Transmitted?
Hepatitis D spreads through contact with infected blood and certain body fluids. Infection is possible only in someone who also has hepatitis B.
Shared Needles
Sharing needles, syringes or other equipment contaminated with infected blood can spread the virus.
Unsafe Procedures
Unsterile medical, tattooing, piercing or other skin-piercing equipment can create a risk of exposure.
Blood Exposure
Contact with infected blood, including through shared items contaminated with blood, may transmit infection.
Sexual Contact
Transmission can occur through sexual contact, particularly when blood exposure or other risk factors are present.
Hugging, sitting together, sharing meals or talking with someone does not ordinarily transmit hepatitis D. Avoid stigma and support people living with hepatitis.
Prevention and Treatment
Prevention focuses on avoiding hepatitis B infection and reducing exposure to infected blood. People who already have hepatitis B should discuss hepatitis D assessment and ongoing liver care with a healthcare professional.
Ways to reduce the risk
Make sure hepatitis B vaccination is up to date according to local health guidance. Use sterile equipment for medical and cosmetic procedures, never share needles, and avoid sharing razors or toothbrushes that may be contaminated with blood.
Use appropriate protection during sexual activity and seek medical advice after a possible exposure. Healthcare facilities should follow infection prevention practices and use safe blood-screening procedures.
Testing and treatment
A healthcare professional can assess hepatitis B status and determine whether hepatitis D testing is needed. Blood tests and other assessments may be used to evaluate infection and liver health.
Treatment depends on the person's condition, the extent of liver disease and available local services. Specialist care may include monitoring liver function, assessing for complications and considering appropriate antiviral or other treatment options.
There is no single treatment plan suitable for everyone with hepatitis D. Consult a qualified healthcare professional for individual assessment and follow-up.
Why Early Assessment Matters
Hepatitis D can accelerate liver damage in people with hepatitis B. Finding infection and receiving appropriate care can help people understand their risks and make informed decisions about monitoring and treatment.
Knowledge Helps Protect Lives
Learn about hepatitis, share reliable information and encourage people to seek testing and appropriate medical care. Together, we can help reduce preventable liver disease and support healthier communities.
This page provides general health information and does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.